CARDIOVASCULAR system
1. Explain in details the pathology of atherosclerosis occurring on the artery wall.
2. Define atherosclerosis. Briefly discuss the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis causes myocardial infarction and stroke.
3. Identify the risk factor for atherosclerosis.
4. List out the pathological finding of heart in response to cardiac failure.
5. Discuss how kidney failure may lead to hypertension.
6. Briefly discuss on how hypertension and diabetes may trigger the infarction of myocardial.
7. Define the term Babinski’s reflex and in which disorder this symptom appear?
8. List out the complications of myocardial infarction and lab diagnosis to confirm this disease.
9. Define cardiogenic shock. Explain how cardiogenic shock may cause organ necrosis.
10. Classify the following cases of hypertension:
a) 43 yrs old, male, 140kg, BP 170/100
b) Cushing patient, female 30 yrs old, BP 145/95
c) Diabetic patient, male 30 yrs old, BP 190/110
RESPIRATORY system
1.Define pneumonia and briefly explain the pathogenesis of this disease.
2.Briefly discuss the etiopathogenesis of lobar pneumonia and state its complications.
3.Differentiate between broncho and lobar pneumonia.
4.Discuss the pathogenesis of TB.
5.Discuss the lab findings of tuberculosis which is essential in confirming the disease.
6.Enumerate the available lab test for diagnosing patient with TB.
7.State TWO (2) diseases which may simultaneous presence in smokers.
8.Discuss on how smokes may cause the septal walls destruction.
9.Explain why smokers are susceptible to lower respiratory tract infection.
10.Explain on how smoking may affect the respiratory system.
11.Compare between extrinsic and intrinsic allergic asthma.
12.Briefly explain the pathogenesis of bronchiol asthma.
13.Differentiate the pathological findings of asthmatic patient and normal individual.
14.Define emphysema and compare it with chronic bronchitis.
15.Define bronchiectasis and pneumoconiosis.
16.Identify the most common lung tumor and how to diagnose this tumor cells?
GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
1.Discuss about the following GIT motor dysfunction:
a. Achalasia
b. Mallory-weiss syndrome
c. Hiatal hernia
2.State the main etiology of GERD and discuss the complications of this disorder. Suggest also the appropriate treatment for patient with GERD.
3.What are the non-pharmacological ways to reduce GERD symptoms?
4.List the diagnostic tests used for GERD.
5.Define Barrett’s esophagus and discuss the long term effect of this disorder.
6.Discuss the pathogenesis of the progression of H.pylori gastritis causes gastric cancer and suggest an appropriate treatments.
7.Elaborate the pathogenesis of autoimmune gastritis in a 60 year old man.
8.Define peptic ulcer and discuss the role of H.pylori in the pathogenesis of this disease.
9.Enumerate the THREE (3) stages of H.pylori gastritis.
10.Justify on how NSAIDs cause ulcer of stomach.
11.Differentiate the pathological findings between Crohn’s disease & ulcerative colitis.
HEPATOBILIARY DISORDER
1.Define the following terms:
a. Steatosis
b. Gynaecomastia
c. Councilman bodies.
2.Discuss the FIVE (5) stages of hepatic injury.
3.Explain the pathogenesis & features for cirrhosis.
4.Discuss the clinical and pathological effects of hepatocellular failure.
5.List out the parameters for liver function test and state the importance of each of the parameter.
6.Explain the etiology of hepatic encephalopathy and clinical features of patient with this disorder.
7.Explain the etiology of portal hypertension and clinical features of patient with this disorder.
8.Define jaundice and differentiate the THREE (3) types of jaundice.
9.State the prominent serum indicator for hepatocellular carcinoma and explain about this type of cancer.
10.Discuss the possible etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma and identify how this cancerous cell migrate to the other organ.
11.Discuss the pathological finding for alcoholic liver disease.
12.Explain on how alcoholic liver disease commonly present with hepatomegaly.
13.Briefly discuss the complications and treatment available for alcoholic hepatitis.
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